Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [2] Seawater is slightly basic (meaning pH > 7), and ocean acidification involves a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions (pH < 7). [3] An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. [4] [5] To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of the resulting carbonic acid molecules dissociate into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion, thus increasing ocean acidity ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [6] representing an increase of almost 30% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [7] [8] Earth System Models project that, within the last decade, ocean acidity exceeded historical analogues [9] and, in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes, could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean beginning as early as 2100. [10]
Page Revisions
| Year | Metadata | Sections | Top Words | First Paragraph |
| 2018 |
384454 characters 23 sections 68 paragraphs 26 images 514 internal links 258 external links |
acidification 0.370 ph 0.348 calcification 0.248 ocean 0.247 aragonite 0.233 caco3 0.202 ions 0.191 carbonate 0.172 dissolution 0.153 organisms 0.145 acidity 0.144 saturation 0.140 seawater 0.133 pteropods 0.109 bicarbonate 0.102 |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [2] Seawater is slightly basic (meaning pH > 7), and ocean acidification involves a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions (pH < 7). [3] An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. [4] [5] To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of the resulting carbonic acid molecules dissociate into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion, thus increasing ocean acidity ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [6] representing an increase of almost 30% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [7] [8] Earth System Models project that, within the last decade, ocean acidity exceeded historical analogues [9] and, in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes, could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean beginning as early as 2100. [10] |
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| 2017 |
371786 characters 23 sections 67 paragraphs 26 images 509 internal links 233 external links |
acidification 0.380 ph 0.337 ocean 0.253 aragonite 0.239 calcification 0.223 caco3 0.207 ions 0.196 carbonate 0.169 dissolution 0.157 organisms 0.148 acidity 0.148 saturation 0.144 pteropods 0.111 ω 0.111 seawater 0.111 |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [2] Seawater is slightly basic (meaning pH > 7), and ocean acidification involves a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions (pH < 7). [3] Ocean alkalinity is not changed by the process, or may increase over long time periods due to carbonate dissolution. [4] An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. [5] [6] To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of the resulting carbonic acid molecules dissociate into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion, thus increasing ocean acidity ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [7] representing an increase of almost 35% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [8] [9] Earth System Models project that, within the last decade, ocean acidity exceeded historical analogues [10] and, in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes, could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean beginning as early as 2100. [11] |
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| 2016 |
374754 characters 24 sections 71 paragraphs 25 images 553 internal links 274 external links |
acidification 0.362 ph 0.322 aragonite 0.243 ocean 0.235 calcification 0.227 ions 0.213 caco3 0.211 carbonate 0.180 acidity 0.162 dissolution 0.160 organisms 0.157 seawater 0.148 saturation 0.146 pteropods 0.113 ω 0.113 |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [2] Seawater is slightly basic (meaning pH > 7), and the process in question is a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions (pH < 7). [3] Ocean alkalinity is not changed by the process, or may increase over long time periods due to carbonate dissolution. [4] An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. [5] [6] To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1996 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [7] representing an increase of almost 35% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [8] [9] Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs [10] and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean. [11] |
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| 2015 |
367018 characters 24 sections 70 paragraphs 25 images 548 internal links 266 external links |
acidification 0.376 ph 0.286 aragonite 0.257 calcification 0.240 ocean 0.227 caco3 0.223 acidity 0.172 ions 0.169 carbonate 0.167 dissolution 0.155 saturation 0.155 organisms 0.146 seawater 0.129 pteropods 0.120 ω 0.120 |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [2] An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. [3] [4] To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [5] representing an increase of almost 30% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [6] [7] Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs [8] and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean. [9] |
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| 2014 |
363572 characters 24 sections 70 paragraphs 27 images 539 internal links 253 external links |
acidification 0.381 aragonite 0.267 ph 0.251 calcification 0.249 ocean 0.233 caco3 0.231 acidity 0.178 ions 0.175 carbonate 0.173 dissolution 0.161 saturation 0.161 organisms 0.137 pteropods 0.125 ω 0.125 seawater 0.124 |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [2] An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. [3] [4] To achieve chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean " acidity " ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [5] representing an increase of almost 30% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [6] [7] Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs [8] and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and many ocean goods and services. [9] |
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| 2013 |
346169 characters 21 sections 68 paragraphs 28 images 540 internal links 231 external links |
acidification 0.386 ph 0.292 calcification 0.265 ocean 0.234 aragonite 0.227 caco3 0.208 saturation 0.171 acidity 0.163 carbonate 0.158 dissolution 0.156 organisms 0.138 pteropods 0.133 ω 0.133 seawater 0.132 ions 0.124 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans , caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [2] An estimated 30–40% of carbon dioxide released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. [3] [4] To maintain chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean " acidity " ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [5] representing an increase of almost 30% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [6] [7] Available Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean pH exceeded historical analogs [8] and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and many ocean goods and services. [9] |
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| 2012 |
262240 characters 17 sections 46 paragraphs 18 images 498 internal links 172 external links |
calcification 0.308 acidification 0.295 aragonite 0.285 ph 0.274 caco3 0.261 ocean 0.217 saturation 0.214 dissolution 0.175 acidity 0.170 ω 0.166 carbonate 0.154 seawater 0.153 organisms 0.125 ion 0.119 inorganic 0.117 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth 's oceans , caused by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [1] About 30–40% of the carbon dioxide released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into the oceans, rivers and lakes. [2] [3] To maintain chemical equilibrium , some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid . Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing the ocean's " acidity " ( H + ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, [4] representing an increase of almost 30% in H + ion concentration in the world's oceans. [5] [6] |
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| 2011 |
217520 characters 11 sections 36 paragraphs 17 images 462 internal links 146 external links |
calcification 0.355 ph 0.342 caco3 0.296 acidification 0.280 saturation 0.219 ocean 0.212 aragonite 0.178 ω 0.178 dissolution 0.170 seawater 0.159 carbonate 0.151 acidity 0.148 organisms 0.144 calcite 0.121 mineral 0.106 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans , caused by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere . [1] Generally speaking, when the carbon molecules in the air above seawater increase by four molecules, one will diffuse into seawater. About a quarter of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere goes into the sea. As the amount of carbon rose in the atmosphere there was a corresponding rise of carbon going into the ocean. |
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| 2010 |
198811 characters 11 sections 34 paragraphs 13 images 406 internal links 121 external links |
ph 0.379 calcification 0.355 caco3 0.296 acidification 0.279 saturation 0.218 ocean 0.201 aragonite 0.177 ω 0.177 dissolution 0.170 carbonate 0.150 organisms 0.144 seawater 0.127 calcite 0.121 mineral 0.106 ion 0.106 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans , caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . [1] Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.179 to 8.104, a change of −0.075 on the logarithmic pH scale which corresponds to an increase of 18.9% in H+ (acid) concentration. [2] [3] By the first decade of the 21st century however, the net change in ocean pH levels relative pre-industrial level was about -0.11, representing an increase of some 30% in "acidity" (ion concentration) in the world's oceans. [4] [5] [6] [7] |
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| 2009 |
170350 characters 10 sections 26 paragraphs 11 images 393 internal links 83 external links |
calcification 0.355 ph 0.319 saturation 0.262 caco3 0.248 aragonite 0.213 ω 0.213 acidification 0.212 carbonate 0.181 ocean 0.178 dissolution 0.175 organisms 0.158 seawater 0.152 calcite 0.146 pco2 0.142 mineral 0.127 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans , caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . [1] Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.179 to 8.104 (a change of −0.075). [2] [3] |
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| 2008 |
130205 characters 9 sections 17 paragraphs 8 images 340 internal links 81 external links |
calcification 0.415 ph 0.381 carbonate 0.220 acidification 0.207 ocean 0.181 aragonite 0.178 ion 0.170 dissolution 0.146 organisms 0.120 alkalinity 0.119 calcifying 0.119 co32 0.119 coccolithophore 0.119 ionic 0.119 undersaturated 0.119 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . [1] Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.179 to 8.104 (a change of -0.075). [2] [3] |
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| 2007 |
94905 characters 9 sections 9 paragraphs 8 images 327 internal links 53 external links |
ph 0.446 calcification 0.309 carbonate 0.214 acidification 0.192 ocean 0.180 ion 0.166 aragonite 0.154 calcifiers 0.154 calcifying 0.154 ionic 0.154 calcite 0.127 coccolithophores 0.127 foraminifera 0.127 dissolution 0.127 organisms 0.125 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.179 to 8.104 (a change of -0.075) [1] [2] . |
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| 2006 |
17245 characters 6 sections 7 paragraphs 0 images 54 internal links 22 external links |
ph 0.325 calcification 0.253 acidification 0.210 carbonate 0.196 ion 0.182 aragonite 0.169 calcifiers 0.169 calcifying 0.169 ionic 0.169 pteropods 0.169 wickett 0.169 ocean 0.166 calcite 0.139 caldeira 0.139 coccolithophores 0.139 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . Between 1751 and 2004 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14 (Jacobson, 2005). |
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| 2005 |
7035 characters 1 sections 7 paragraphs 0 images 41 internal links 1 external links |
ph 0.270 carbonate 0.243 ion 0.226 aragonite 0.210 calcification 0.210 calcifying 0.210 ionic 0.210 pteropods 0.210 calcite 0.172 dissolution 0.172 ocean 0.150 al 0.149 calcium 0.113 cell 0.105 alkalinity 0.105 |
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . |